This record covers John Boychuk, a council candidate for Vote Vancouver in the October 17, 2026 election. The campaign platform comes from the party page. The strongest independent material is about the role at the Vancouver Pride Society, which several news outlets have reported on during 2026.
The score counts how complete and checkable the published plan on this issue is. Whether the plan would work is a separate question, left to the reader. Measured September 26, 2026. The same seven points apply to every candidate for this office.
Housing supply and rental rules2/10
2/2
A position in the candidate’s own words
“That means creating more affordable, accessible options, particularly for seniors, and supporting models that allow people to remain in the communities they know and love.”
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on housing: 9 commitments, at least one with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. Council sets zoning, approves rezonings and development permits, and makes rental and tenant-protection bylaws under the Vancouver Charter. The province sets rent increase limits and tenancy law.
Party platform; candidate not quoted. Vote Vancouver publishes 4 commitments on this issue.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/2
States a measurable target
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a timeline
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
No dated public action on this issue found.
0/1
Answered the voche.me question on the issue
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on homelessness and drugs: 4 commitments, none with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. Council funds shelter sites, street cleaning and city outreach, and decides where supportive housing is approved. Health services, treatment beds and drug policy are provincial and federal.
Party platform; candidate not quoted. Vote Vancouver publishes 4 commitments on this issue.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/2
States a measurable target
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a timeline
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
No dated public action on this issue found.
0/1
Answered the voche.me question on the issue
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on public safety: 4 commitments, none with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. Council approves the police budget. The Vancouver Police Board, not Council, directs the police department. Fire and rescue services report to the city.
Party platform; candidate not quoted. Vote Vancouver publishes 1 commitment on this issue.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/2
States a measurable target
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a timeline
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
No dated public action on this issue found.
0/1
Answered the voche.me question on the issue
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on transport: 1 commitment, none with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. The city owns and designs its streets, bike lanes, sidewalks and parking rules. Buses, SkyTrain and SeaBus are run by TransLink, a regional body the city does not control.
Party platform; candidate not quoted. Vote Vancouver publishes 1 commitment on this issue.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/2
States a measurable target
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a timeline
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
No dated public action on this issue found.
0/1
Answered the voche.me question on the issue
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on taxes and budget: 1 commitment, none with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. Council sets the property tax rate each year, approves the operating budget, and approves the multi-year capital plan that pays for buildings and infrastructure.
Party platform; candidate not quoted. Vote Vancouver publishes 2 commitments on this issue.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/2
States a measurable target
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a timeline
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
No dated public action on this issue found.
0/1
Answered the voche.me question on the issue
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on climate: 2 commitments, none with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. Vancouver has its own building bylaw under the Vancouver Charter, so Council can set energy and emissions rules for new buildings that other BC cities cannot.
Party platform; candidate not quoted. Vote Vancouver publishes 3 commitments on this issue.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/2
States a measurable target
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a timeline
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
1/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
“Vancouver Pride Society moved offices and cut paid staff for the 2026 season”
Completed by the time of the report. The August 2 parade itself is recorded in its own entry, from Out South Florida's August 26 report., July 29, 2026.
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on culture: 3 commitments, at least one with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. The city licenses venues and events, sets noise and business rules, and funds cultural grants and spaces. Liquor licensing is shared with the province.
Party platform; candidate not quoted. Vote Vancouver publishes 1 commitment on this issue.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/2
States a measurable target
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
States a timeline
Party text earns no points here; the statement must be the candidate’s own.
0/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
No dated public action on this issue found.
0/1
Answered the voche.me question on the issue
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
Vote Vancouver’s platform on child care: 1 commitment, none with a number. Party text earns the candidate the position point only.
What this office controls. The city creates child care spaces through zoning, city-owned buildings and development contributions. Licensing, subsidies and operating funding are provincial.
“He believes Vancouver can grow in a way that’s both sustainable and livable, while supporting local businesses that bring energy and character to our neighbourhoods.”
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
What this office controls. Council issues business licences, sets licence and permit fees, zones commercial and industrial land and approves business improvement areas under the Vancouver Charter. Employment law, sales taxes and income taxes are provincial and federal.
No position found by voche.me as of September 26, 2026.
0/2
Names a mechanism the office controls
No statement to read.
0/2
States a measurable target
No statement to read.
0/1
States a cost or funding source
No statement to read.
0/1
States a timeline
No statement to read.
0/1
A dated, sourced action on the issue
No dated public action on this issue found.
0/1
Answered the voche.me question on the issue
The questionnaire has not been sent yet. No candidate has this point.
What this office controls. Council, the Park Board and the Board of Education each set their own meeting rules, committees, public consultation and reporting. The Vancouver Charter and the School Act create the three bodies and set their powers, and only the Province can change those acts.
On dates without a confirmed appearance the public schedule is unknown; the candidate may still have activities that day. This static page changes only when its research is updated.
01 / Introduction
About John Boychuk
John Boychuk appears on the City of Vancouver's final 2026 candidate list for City Council, with ballot number 132. The City records the affiliation as Vote Vancouver.
The party page says Boychuk has more than 30 years of work in small business, community leadership and housing operations.
Vote Vancouver announced Boychuk in its first group of nine candidates on May 25, 2026, describing the candidate as a small business owner and president of the Vancouver Pride Society.
CityNews Vancouver and the Vancouver Sun both identify Boychuk as co-chair of the Vancouver Pride Society in their 2026 reporting, a different title from the one Daily Hive used. The society's own governance page, read by voche.me on September 26, 2026, also lists Boychuk as co-chair, one of two, alongside Nicole Tran, which settles the difference in Boychuk's favour.
Abbeyfield Vancouver's own board of directors page and Abbeyfield Canada's own national board announcement, both read by voche.me on September 26, 2026, independently list Boychuk as president of the Abbeyfield Houses Society of Vancouver, a seniors' housing operator, and say he joined Abbeyfield Canada's national board on May 24, 2026. This confirms the housing and community leadership part of the party's description. No independent source confirms the specific claim of more than 30 years, or the small business part of that description.
A Vancouver Pride Society annual general meeting in November 2007 was reported by Xtra with John Boychuk named as the society's president at the time.
Boychuk appears at position 132 on the council ballot for October 17, 2026.
voche.me assembled this profile from the official candidate list and the campaign material linked under Sources. The campaign has not been contacted, and no candidate-supplied content appears on this page.
Published positions and selected commitments, separated by election cycle. Status labels describe the evidence reviewed, not a numerical score or a complete audit of the platform. Council approval is different from delivery.
7 commitments shown · Checked Oct 3
2026 · HousingCampaign pledge
Housing that works for older residents
The party page says Boychuk would push for more affordable and accessible housing, with a focus on seniors, and for housing models that let people stay in the neighbourhoods they already live in.
Evidence & next checks
Evidence reviewed
The page states the aim. It names no housing type, target number or funding source.
What still needs checking
Which zoning or funding change would deliver the seniors housing described.
The party page says Boychuk would build neighbourhood strength through partnerships with local organisations and inclusive public spaces, with the aim of reducing isolation and improving access to services. It says Vancouver should stay welcoming to diverse communities, naming LGBTQ2S+ residents.
Evidence & next checks
Evidence reviewed
The page states the aim. No program or budget is named.
What still needs checking
Which city grants or spaces Boychuk would change first.
Each entry below names its source. Campaign material is the candidate's own account. Nothing here is presented as a verified outcome unless the entry says so.
Approved by Council on June 3, 2026. The minutes name no speakers, and no source names Boychuk as moving, voting on or debating the motion.
City grant for the 2026 Pride festival
Council's Policy and Strategic Priorities committee passed a motion from Councillor Rebecca Bligh, seconded by Councillor Sarah Kirby-Yung, for a one-time grant of up to 75,000 dollars from the City's 2026 operating budget to the Vancouver Pride Society. The minutes record the vote as unanimous (vote number 11709), with Councillors Klassen and Meiszner absent, and Council approved the committee's recommendation the same day. The committee heard from three speakers in support of the motion.
Scope, limits and sources
The motion says the society reported funding shortfalls and lower sponsorship. Boychuk later told CityNews the grant covered some of the society's costs and helped keep events affordable, and he spoke about the society's finances on Global News Morning the day after the vote. Daily Hive reported that the City estimates the total economic effect of Vancouver Pride events at 30 million dollars.
Completed by the time of the report. The August 2 parade itself is recorded in its own entry, from Out South Florida's August 26 report.
Vancouver Pride Society moved offices and cut paid staff for the 2026 season
CityNews reported that the society moved offices and shifted from a paid-staff model to a volunteer-driven one to keep the 48th annual parade on track after losing corporate funding. Boychuk, the society's co-chair, said the organization relies heavily on sponsors, community partners and one-time government grants, and that a $75,000 one-time city grant covered some of its costs.
Scope, limits and sources
The Vancouver Sun separately reported that the society's paid staff had dropped from six part-time or full-time people in a normal year to two, and that Boychuk said city co-investment in municipal costs could save the society 30,000 to 50,000 dollars a year.
Confirmed by the organization's own page; settles a difference between two titles used in campaign-season reporting
Vancouver Pride Society's own governance page lists Boychuk as co-chair
The society's governance page lists John Boychuk and Nicole Tran as co-chairs of its board of directors, alongside a secretary, a treasurer and three directors-at-large. Daily Hive's May 2026 report on Vote Vancouver's nomination had called Boychuk the society's president; CityNews and the Vancouver Sun's 2026 reporting both called the role co-chair.
Scope, limits and sources
The page carries only an “Updated May 7, 2026” note, and does not say when Boychuk's title changed from president, which he held in 2007 and, according to a 2025 Xtra Magazine report, for some years before that, to co-chair.
GovernanceOfficial record · Vancouver Pride Society
Announced by Abbeyfield Canada, an organization independent of the candidate's campaign; a board appointment, not a completed project
Joined Abbeyfield Canada's National Board of Directors
Abbeyfield Houses Society of Canada's own website says John Boychuk, described as president of the Abbeyfield Houses Society of Vancouver, was invited to join its national board of directors at the Abbeyfield Canada Annual General Meeting on May 24, 2026. Abbeyfield Vancouver's own board of directors page separately lists Boychuk as president of that society's board.
Scope, limits and sources
This independently confirms the housing-sector community leadership named in the party's biography of Boychuk, though neither page describes a specific completed project, so it earns no record point on its own.
Completed. Out South Florida reported on August 26, 2026 that the parade took place on August 2, and quoted Boychuk as the society's co-chair.
Vancouver Pride Society held the 2026 Pride parade
Out South Florida reported “nearly 9,000 marchers” in the August 2 parade and gave an estimate of 200,000 to 300,000 visitors to Vancouver during Pride Week. The article quotes Boychuk, as co-chair of the Vancouver Pride Society, on the weekend and on lost sponsorship.
Scope, limits and sources
Global News calls the 2026 parade the 48th annual parade, as Boychuk did in the CityNews report, and the Out South Florida article calls it the 47th. The sources name Boychuk as co-chair of the society's board. The society ran the parade with its staff and volunteers. voche.me did not open the society's own records on the parade.
Read original statements and reporting, or open the publisher’s video. A summary of a speech is labelled separately from a full recording.
Interview
Vancouver Sun interview on festival funding
Boychuk told reporter Sarah Grochowski that the society applies for “around 30 grants” a year across city, provincial and federal programs and has 20 to 22 approved on average, sometimes only a month before the event. Boychuk said the society would normally have six part-time or full-time staff and had two, and said city co-investment in municipal event costs would save the society 30,000 to 50,000 dollars a year.
Boychuk set out the parade route and expected size, described the move to a volunteer-run model after the loss of corporate funding, and said the society relies on sponsors, community partners and one-time government grants.
Global News Morning interview on the society's finances
Global News lists a video in which Boychuk, as co-chair of the Vancouver Pride Society, speaks with Global News Morning about the society's money problems, the day after council approved a one-time grant of up to 75,000 dollars. voche.me read the page's description and did not watch the video, so no words from the interview are recorded here.
Global News interview before the 2026 Pride parade
Global News lists a video in which Boychuk, as co-chair of the Vancouver Pride Society, talks with Jennifer Palma about the 48th annual parade and its theme, Unapologetically Queer. voche.me read the page's description and did not watch the video.
Out South Florida quoted Boychuk, as co-chair, calling the parade weekend empowering and saying the community's support made it a more inclusive Pride. The article says he estimated that Pride lost 400,000 dollars in sponsorship revenue, without saying over what period. The article does not say when he made these comments, so the date here is the article's publication date.
Listed as declining the Vote Palestine Vancouver platform
Vote Palestine Vancouver, a campaign group, lists Boychuk as having declined its four-point platform. In the group's words the points are: condemn the genocide, sign the Apartheid Free Communities pledge, cut ties with Israeli institutions, and recognize the Arab Canadian Lawyers Association framework of anti-Palestinian racism. The group says its volunteers recorded the positions and that the list is current as of October 1. voche.me found no statement by Boychuk himself on these points.
Records are labelled by type, including official findings, civil proceedings and political disputes where applicable. Each entry identifies the response found in the sources and the latest status verified for this page.
Policy dispute
No-confidence attempt at the Vancouver Pride Society annual meeting
Xtra reported that at the society's November 2007 annual general meeting a member tried to add a no-confidence motion against president John Boychuk to new business. Members voted 38 to 13, with four abstentions, against adding it, so the motion was never debated. Two directors resigned during the meeting, one citing the organisation's direction and one citing personal reasons. A conflict of interest allegation about a consulting contract was also raised at the meeting and was not resolved by any finding.
Candidate or party response
Boychuk said the society was healthier than it had been in years and described the meeting as democracy working. On the conflict of interest question Boychuk said the people involved all work in the same business.
Verified status and limits
The no-confidence motion never reached a vote. Boychuk continued as president. No regulator or court examined the allegations, and no finding was made.
A dated reading list from independent publishers. The headings below are voche.me summaries; follow each link for the original article, context and any corrections.
Reporting
Vancouver Sun
From street parties to fireworks: Why Vancouver's festival scene is on shaky ground
A report on festival funding across Vancouver that uses Boychuk as its main source on the Pride Society's grant applications and staffing.
Vote Vancouver party announces first nine candidates to run in civic election
Names Boychuk as one of four Vote Vancouver council candidates, described as a small business owner and Vancouver Pride Society president. The article carries no quotes from Boychuk.
Vancouver Pride Festival returns amidst safety funding concerns
A report on the 2026 festival, with Boychuk quoted on the parade and on the society's finances, and the Vancouver Police Department quoted on added security measures.
Vancouver represents everything hard about hosting Pride right now
A report on the Vancouver Pride Society's 2025 funding and governance troubles that quotes Boychuk, co-chair, on lost corporate sponsorship, and says he first joined the society 28 years earlier, serving seven years as vice-president then president.
Vancouver Pride Parade will go ahead despite losing half its corporate sponsorship
Reports that the 2025 parade route was shortened and redirected after the loss of what CBC described as “about half” of the society's corporate sponsors, quoting Boychuk, co-chair, on the reasons for the change.
A report on the August 2, 2026 Vancouver Pride parade, on safety worries at Pride events that summer, and on which corporate sponsors returned or stayed away. It quotes Boychuk as the Vancouver Pride Society's co-chair.
Sources checked October 3, 2026. Official records establish decisions; campaign material establishes stated positions; reporting adds investigation and context. None alone establishes every claim.
Eventbrite (listing by the Vancouver Food Justice Coalition)
No news article was found in which Boychuk speaks about the council campaign or its policies, so the platform here comes only from the Vote Vancouver page. A search on October 3, 2026 found no answers from Boychuk in the HUB Cycling survey, the Women Transforming Cities pledge list or the Vancouver Food Justice Coalition pages; three other Vote Vancouver council candidates appear in the HUB Cycling survey. The Vancouver Pride Society's own governance page lists Boychuk as co-chair, the title CityNews, the Vancouver Sun and Global News use in 2026; Daily Hive's May 2026 report used president. Abbeyfield Vancouver's board page and Abbeyfield Canada's national board announcement confirm his seniors' housing board roles. No independent source confirms the party's claim of more than 30 years of work, or the small business part of that description. A 2025 Xtra Magazine report says Boychuk first joined the society 28 years before and served seven years as vice-president then president, which links the society's 2007 president to the current co-chair and to this candidate. Women Transforming Cities named Bhavna Solecki and Rebecca Hasdell as the Vote Vancouver panellists at its council debate. The Mount Pleasant Community Centre Association named Boychuk as the Vote Vancouver council candidate for its September 23 meeting. No report from after the meeting was found, so that meeting is left off this page. The minutes of the June 3, 2026 Pride grant vote record three speakers without names, so voche.me does not know whether Boychuk spoke to council. The City's candidate list gives the party's general phone line and email as his contact route.
Research status
What voche.me has checked
Evidence reviewed on September 22, 2026, with follow-up reviews on September 26 and October 3, 2026: current campaign material, news reports, the City's candidate list and the June 3, 2026 council minutes.
The Vote Vancouver candidate page was read again on October 3, 2026. Its text was unchanged since September 26, and each stated position recorded here is checked against a quotation from that page.
Checks still to do: Confirm organizational experience and request an operating and funding plan.
The ballot name, office, ballot number and party label come from the City's final candidate list. Everything described as campaign material is the campaign's own account and has not been confirmed by an independent source.
03 / Background
Experience & community
2026
Co-chair, Vancouver Pride Society
Spoke for the society through 2026 on festival funding, staffing and the parade. Told CityNews the society moved offices and shifted to a volunteer-run model to keep the 48th annual parade going.
1997 to 2004 (years worked out from a 2025 report)
Vice-president, then president, Vancouver Pride Society
A 2025 Xtra Magazine report on the society's funding troubles says Boychuk first joined the Vancouver Pride Society 28 years before that report, serving seven years, first as vice-president then president. This independently links the person named as the society's president in 2007 to the co-chair reported on in 2025 and 2026.
President, Abbeyfield Houses of Vancouver Society; national board member, Abbeyfield Canada
Abbeyfield Canada's own website says Boychuk, described as president of the Abbeyfield Houses Society of Vancouver, joined its national board of directors on May 24, 2026. Abbeyfield Vancouver's own board of directors page separately lists him as president of that society's board.
Proposed questions for a future interview. They have not been sent to the candidate, and no answers have been supplied.
Which affordable housing and service model would reduce isolation for older residents?
No response has been submitted.
Which of your proposals can council enact directly, and which require provincial, federal or regional agreement?
No response has been submitted.
Have your own question?
Ask John Boychuk directly. We send it to the campaign, and publish the reply here if we get one.
05 / About this page
Questions about this page
Facts voche.me can state about John Boychuk's page itself, answered directly rather than left blank.
Is this an official page for John Boychuk?
No. This page is researched by voche.me from public sources, listed below, and is separate from John Boychuk's own campaign.
What is John Boychuk's ballot number for the 2026 Vancouver election?
John Boychuk is number 132 on the City of Vancouver's official 2026 ballot for City Council.
What party did John Boychuk run with?
John Boychuk ran for City Council with Vote Vancouver.
Does John Boychuk currently hold public office?
Not according to this profile. voche.me has not listed a current public office for John Boychuk.
How many sources does this John Boychuk profile cite?
This profile lists 2 sourced references, each with the date voche.me checked it, in the Sources section below.
Has John Boychuk filed nomination papers for the 2026 election?
voche.me has not yet added a nomination record for John Boychuk. This does not mean no nomination paper was filed, only that voche.me has not completed that research yet.
Why do some questions on John Boychuk's page show no answer?
The "Questions & answers" section on this page lists questions voche.me would put to John Boychuk in a future interview. They have not been sent yet, so the page says plainly that no answer has been supplied instead of leaving the section blank.
When was the election John Boychuk ran in?
The 2026 Vancouver municipal election, including the City Council race, was decided on October 17, 2026.
06 / Candidate contributions
Space for campaign updates
October review: parade confirmed, grant vote date corrected, calendar updated
voche.me reviewed the record on October 3, 2026. Added: Out South Florida's August 26 report, which confirms the 2026 Pride parade took place on August 2 and quotes Boychuk as co-chair; two Global News interview videos from June 4 and August 1, 2026, recorded from their page descriptions; the official June 3, 2026 minutes for the Pride grant vote; Vote Palestine Vancouver's listing of Boychuk as declining its platform; the City's candidate list, read through a reader service; and the October 13 online food systems town hall, with attendance unconfirmed. Corrected: the city grant entry was dated June 8, 2026, the date of the Daily Hive report, and now carries the June 3 vote date from the minutes. Four figures that this page had introduced with the word about now give the figure as the source states it: six staff, around 30 grant applications, the years 1997 to 2004, and CBC's own wording on lost sponsors. Removed: the September 23, 2026 Mount Pleasant all-candidates meeting. The organizer's page named Boychuk before the event, but no source read on October 3 shows that he took part.
Added independent sourcing for the Pride Society title and housing background
The Vancouver Pride Society's own governance page settles the president-versus-co-chair discrepancy noted earlier: it lists Boychuk as co-chair. Abbeyfield Vancouver's own board page and Abbeyfield Canada's own national board announcement independently confirm Boychuk's community leadership role in seniors' housing, and a 2025 Xtra Magazine article links the 2007 Vancouver Pride Society president to the current co-chair and candidate. All seven existing campaign commitments were tagged with an issue, an own-words flag and a word-for-word quote, and two of the two existing dated actions were re-tagged: the city grant is now tagged “other” because neither source names Boychuk as moving, voting on or debating it, and the parade-day program entry was narrowed to the office move and staff cut that the sources confirm as already done, rather than the parade itself, which was not independently confirmed as having taken place.
