---
title: "Toronto mayoral election polls 2026: every published poll | voche.me"
canonical_url: "https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/polls"
last_updated: "2026-10-11T21:35:08.561Z"
meta:
  description: "Every published poll on the 2026 Toronto mayoral race since September 1, charted, with dates, sample sizes, who paid and a link to each polling firm’s report."
  "og:description": "Every published poll on the 2026 Toronto mayoral race since September 1, charted, with dates, sample sizes, who paid and a link to each polling firm’s report."
  "og:title": "Toronto mayoral election polls 2026: every published poll"
  "twitter:description": "Every published poll on the 2026 Toronto mayoral race since September 1, charted, with dates, sample sizes, who paid and a link to each polling firm’s report."
  "twitter:title": "Toronto mayoral election polls 2026: every published poll"
---

**

TORONTO 2026 · PUBLIC OPINION POLLS

# Who is ahead<br>for mayor?*The published polls, on one page.*

13 polls by 7 firms: every published poll we found with interviews since September 1, 2026. Every poll figure is shown as the firm published it, with its dates, its sample size and a link to the report.

The count that decides the election is the vote on October 26, 2026.

Latest published poll

## Chow leads Bradford by 2.9 points.

Mainstreet Research · Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026 · 1,000 adults, 18 years of age or older, living in Toronto · margin of error ±3.1 points

1. [1![Olivia Chow, from Presidencia de la República del Ecuador, via Wikimedia Commons.](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/images/candidates/olivia-chow-320.webp)**Olivia Chow****47.2%**+1.8 since September 29](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/candidates/olivia-chow)
2. [2![Brad Bradford, from City of Toronto, Councillor Brad Bradford page.](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/images/candidates/brad-bradford-320.webp)**Brad Bradford****44.3%**+6 since September 29](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/candidates/brad-bradford)
3. [3![Odessa Paloma Parker, from Odessa Paloma Parker campaign.](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/images/candidates/odessa-paloma-parker-320.webp)**Odessa Paloma Parker****2.8%**+0.7 since September 29](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/candidates/odessa-paloma-parker)
4. [4![Sarah McVie, from Sarah McVie campaign.](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/images/candidates/sarah-mcvie-320.webp)**Sarah McVie****2.5%**+0.1 since September 29](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/candidates/sarah-mcvie)

- Olivia Chow**47.2%**
- Brad Bradford**44.3%**
- Odessa Paloma Parker**2.8%**
- Sarah McVie**2.5%**

Share of decided and leaning voters, as published. Changes compare with the same firm’s earlier poll. A poll measures opinion only on the days it was taken.

01 / Over time

## How the race has moved.

Each dot is one poll, placed on the last day of its interviews.

- Mainstreet Research, Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026: Olivia Chow**47.2%**
- Mainstreet Research, Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026: Brad Bradford**44.3%**
- Mainstreet Research, Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026: Odessa Paloma Parker**2.8%**
- Mainstreet Research, Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026: Sarah McVie**2.5%**
- Mainstreet Research, Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026: Other**3.2%**
- Forum Research, Oct 6, 2026: Olivia Chow**46%**
- Forum Research, Oct 6, 2026: Brad Bradford**42%**
- Forum Research, Oct 6, 2026: Other**12%**
- Liaison Strategies, Oct 3 to Oct 4, 2026: Olivia Chow**48%**
- Liaison Strategies, Oct 3 to Oct 4, 2026: Brad Bradford**40%**
- Liaison Strategies, Oct 3 to Oct 4, 2026: Chris Alexander**9%**
- Liaison Strategies, Oct 3 to Oct 4, 2026: Other**3%**
- Nanos Research, Sep 30 to Oct 4, 2026: Olivia Chow**52.4%**
- Nanos Research, Sep 30 to Oct 4, 2026: Brad Bradford**42.6%**
- Nanos Research, Sep 30 to Oct 4, 2026: Chris Alexander**4%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 28 to Sep 29, 2026: Olivia Chow**45.4%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 28 to Sep 29, 2026: Brad Bradford**38.3%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 28 to Sep 29, 2026: Chris Alexander**8.5%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 28 to Sep 29, 2026: Sarah McVie**2.4%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 28 to Sep 29, 2026: Odessa Paloma Parker**2.1%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 28 to Sep 29, 2026: Other**3.3%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 26 to Sep 27, 2026: Olivia Chow**48%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 26 to Sep 27, 2026: Brad Bradford**39%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 26 to Sep 27, 2026: Chris Alexander**10%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 26 to Sep 27, 2026: Other**3%**
- Canada Pulse Insights, Sep 14 to Sep 24, 2026: Olivia Chow**51%**
- Canada Pulse Insights, Sep 14 to Sep 24, 2026: Brad Bradford**34%**
- Canada Pulse Insights, Sep 14 to Sep 24, 2026: Chris Alexander**9%**
- Canada Pulse Insights, Sep 14 to Sep 24, 2026: Other**6%**
- Forum Research, Sep 23, 2026: Olivia Chow**46%**
- Forum Research, Sep 23, 2026: Brad Bradford**35%**
- Forum Research, Sep 23, 2026: Chris Alexander**6%**
- Forum Research, Sep 23, 2026: Other**13%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 19 to Sep 20, 2026: Olivia Chow**47%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 19 to Sep 20, 2026: Brad Bradford**40%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 19 to Sep 20, 2026: Chris Alexander**10%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 19 to Sep 20, 2026: Other**3%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 14 to Sep 17, 2026: Olivia Chow**45.8%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 14 to Sep 17, 2026: Brad Bradford**37.7%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 14 to Sep 17, 2026: Chris Alexander**9.6%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 14 to Sep 17, 2026: Sarah McVie**2.5%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 14 to Sep 17, 2026: Odessa Paloma Parker**1.9%**
- Mainstreet Research, Sep 14 to Sep 17, 2026: Other**2.4%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 4 to Sep 5, 2026: Olivia Chow**50%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 4 to Sep 5, 2026: Brad Bradford**39%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 4 to Sep 5, 2026: Chris Alexander**10%**
- Liaison Strategies, Sep 4 to Sep 5, 2026: Other**2%**

Scope Research and Ipsos published shares of everyone asked, undecided people included, so their polls are in the table and left off this chart.

02 / Poll by poll

## Every poll, newest first.

13Mainstreet ResearchLatest

### Interviews Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026

- Olivia Chow**47.2%**
- Brad Bradford**44.3%**
- Other**3.2%**
- Odessa Paloma Parker**2.8%**
- Sarah McVie**2.5%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,000 adults, 18 years of age or older, living in Toronto<br>864 named a choice</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice response) to landlines and cell phones</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.1 points<br>The margin of error for the poll is +/- 3.1% at the 95% confidence level.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Mainstreet Research, which says it commissioned the poll itself</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>October 9, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters<br>10% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

- Mainstreet says every interview took place after Chris Alexander suspended his campaign on October 6, and the report does not list him.
- Among all respondents, 3.6% said they would not vote.

12Scope Research

### Interviews Oct 6, 2026

- Olivia Chow**44%**
- Brad Bradford**41%**
- Other**3%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>3,100 Toronto residents aged 18 years or older</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Online poll, with people invited by text message</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±2 points<br>The margin of error for a comparable probability-based sample would be ±2%, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the release</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>October 8, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>all respondents<br>11% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

- Scope Research’s own page describes the firm as a subsidiary of Jenni Byrne + Associates, a public affairs and government relations firm.
- The release says Chow has “about 44%” and that 2% would not vote.

11Forum Research

### Interviews Oct 6, 2026

- Olivia Chow**46%**
- Brad Bradford**42%**
- Other**12%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,604 randomly selected Toronto residents over the age of 18</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice response), 78% to cell phones and 22% to landlines</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±2.45 points<br>Results based on the total sample are considered accurate +/- 2.45%, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the release</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>October 6, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters</dd></dl>

- The release is headed “Toronto Mayoral Race Tightens Following Chris Alexander’s Withdrawal” and gives no share for him.

10Liaison Strategies

### Interviews Oct 3 to Oct 4, 2026

- Olivia Chow**48%**
- Brad Bradford**40%**
- Chris Alexander**9%**
- Other**3%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,000 Toronto residents</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice recording) to landlines and cell phones reached by random digit dialling</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.1 points<br>For the total sample, the margin of error is +/- 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the release</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>October 6, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters</dd></dl>

09Nanos Research

### Interviews Sep 30 to Oct 4, 2026

- Olivia Chow**52.4%**
- Brad Bradford**42.6%**
- Chris Alexander**4%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>755 randomly selected Toronto residents</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Online and by telephone</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.6 points<br>The survey has a margin of error of plus or minus 3.6 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>CP24 and CTV News Toronto</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>October 6, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided voters<br>22% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

- These figures are from CP24’s report of the poll. The firm’s own report was not found.
- CP24 gives Chris Alexander’s 4 per cent, and “about one per cent” for other candidates, as shares “of respondents”.

08Mainstreet Research

### Interviews Sep 28 to Sep 29, 2026

- Olivia Chow**45.4%**
- Brad Bradford**38.3%**
- Chris Alexander**8.5%**
- Other**3.3%**
- Sarah McVie**2.4%**
- Odessa Paloma Parker**2.1%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,000 adults, 18 years of age or older, living in Toronto<br>850 named a choice</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice response) to landlines and cell phones</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.1 points<br>The margin of error for the poll is +/- 3.1% at the 95% confidence level.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Mainstreet Research, which says it commissioned the poll itself</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>October 2, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters<br>16% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

- The release date is from CBC’s report of October 2, which says the survey was released that Friday.

07Liaison Strategies

### Interviews Sep 26 to Sep 27, 2026

- Olivia Chow**48%**
- Brad Bradford**39%**
- Chris Alexander**10%**
- Other**3%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,000 Toronto residents</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice recording) to landlines and cell phones reached by random digit dialling</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.1 points<br>For the total sample, the margin of error is +/- 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the release</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>September 30, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters<br>15% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

06Canada Pulse Insights

### Interviews Sep 14 to Sep 24, 2026

- Olivia Chow**51%**
- Brad Bradford**34%**
- Chris Alexander**9%**
- Other**6%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>510 adult residents of the City of Toronto</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the CityNews report</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±4.3 points<br>The margin of error for a probability-based sample of this size is +/- 4.3 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>CityNews</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>September 29, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided voters<br>20% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

- These figures are from CityNews’ report of the poll, which was done for CityNews. Among all respondents it gives Chow 38 per cent, Bradford 25 per cent and Alexander 7 per cent.

05Forum Research

### Interviews Sep 23, 2026

- Olivia Chow**46%**
- Brad Bradford**35%**
- Other**13%**
- Chris Alexander**6%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,014 randomly selected Toronto residents over the age of 18</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice response), 79% to cell phones and 21% to landlines</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±4 points<br>Results based on the total sample are considered accurate +/- 4.0%, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the release</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>September 25, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided voters</dd></dl>

- The release gives these as shares “of voters” and prints no undecided share. The four shares add to 100.

04Liaison Strategies

### Interviews Sep 19 to Sep 20, 2026

- Olivia Chow**47%**
- Brad Bradford**40%**
- Chris Alexander**10%**
- Other**3%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,000 Toronto residents</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice recording) to landlines and cell phones reached by random digit dialling</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.1 points<br>For the total sample, the margin of error is +/- 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the release</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>September 22, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters<br>17% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

03Mainstreet Research

### Interviews Sep 14 to Sep 17, 2026

- Olivia Chow**45.8%**
- Brad Bradford**37.7%**
- Chris Alexander**9.6%**
- Sarah McVie**2.5%**
- Other**2.4%**
- Odessa Paloma Parker**1.9%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,000 adults, 18 years of age or older, living in Toronto<br>836 named a choice</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice response) to landlines and cell phones</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.1 points<br>The margin of error for the poll is +/- 3.1% at the 95% confidence level.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Mainstreet Research, which says it commissioned the poll itself</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>September 18, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters<br>16.8% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

- The release date is from NOW Toronto’s report of September 18, which says Mainstreet published the poll that Friday.

02Ipsos

### Interviews Sep 4 to Sep 8, 2026

- Olivia Chow**36%**
- Brad Bradford**21%**
- Other**5%**
- Chris Alexander**4%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,006 residents of Toronto aged 18+</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Online survey of the Ipsos panel</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.8 points<br>The precision of Ipsos online polls is measured using a credibility interval. In this case, the poll is accurate to within ± 3.8 percentage points, 19 times out of 20, had all Torontonians aged 18+ been polled.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>The Toronto Star</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>September 23, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>all respondents<br>30% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

- Ipsos published shares of everyone asked. 3% said they would not vote.
- Ipsos reports a credibility interval, its own measure of precision for an online poll.

01Liaison Strategies

### Interviews Sep 4 to Sep 5, 2026

- Olivia Chow**50%**
- Brad Bradford**39%**
- Chris Alexander**10%**
- Other**2%**

<dl>

<dt>Asked</dt>
<dd>1,000 Toronto residents</dd>

<dt>How</dt>
<dd>Automated phone calls (interactive voice recording) to landlines and cell phones reached by random digit dialling</dd>

<dt>Margin of error</dt>
<dd>±3.1 points<br>For the total sample, the margin of error is +/- 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.</dd>

<dt>Paid for by</dt>
<dd>Not stated in the release</dd>

<dt>Released</dt>
<dd>September 9, 2026</dd>

<dt>Shares are of</dt>
<dd>decided and leaning voters<br>16% of everyone asked were undecided</dd>

</dl>

03 / All the numbers

## The full table.

| Poll | Share of | Chow | Bradford | Alexander | McVie | Parker | Other | Undecided |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mainstreet ResearchOct 6 to Oct 7, 2026 · 1,000 asked · ±3.1 | decided and leaning voters | 47.2% | 44.3% | n/p | 2.5% | 2.8% | 3.2% | 10% |
| Scope ResearchOct 6, 2026 · 3,100 asked · ±2 | all respondents | 44% | 41% | n/p | n/p | n/p | 3% | 11% |
| Forum ResearchOct 6, 2026 · 1,604 asked · ±2.45 | decided and leaning voters | 46% | 42% | n/p | n/p | n/p | 12% | n/p |
| Liaison StrategiesOct 3 to Oct 4, 2026 · 1,000 asked · ±3.1 | decided and leaning voters | 48% | 40% | 9% | n/p | n/p | 3% | n/p |
| Nanos ResearchSep 30 to Oct 4, 2026 · 755 asked · ±3.6 | decided voters | 52.4% | 42.6% | 4% | n/p | n/p | n/p | 22% |
| Mainstreet ResearchSep 28 to Sep 29, 2026 · 1,000 asked · ±3.1 | decided and leaning voters | 45.4% | 38.3% | 8.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 3.3% | 16% |
| Liaison StrategiesSep 26 to Sep 27, 2026 · 1,000 asked · ±3.1 | decided and leaning voters | 48% | 39% | 10% | n/p | n/p | 3% | 15% |
| Canada Pulse InsightsSep 14 to Sep 24, 2026 · 510 asked · ±4.3 | decided voters | 51% | 34% | 9% | n/p | n/p | 6% | 20% |
| Forum ResearchSep 23, 2026 · 1,014 asked · ±4 | decided voters | 46% | 35% | 6% | n/p | n/p | 13% | n/p |
| Liaison StrategiesSep 19 to Sep 20, 2026 · 1,000 asked · ±3.1 | decided and leaning voters | 47% | 40% | 10% | n/p | n/p | 3% | 17% |
| Mainstreet ResearchSep 14 to Sep 17, 2026 · 1,000 asked · ±3.1 | decided and leaning voters | 45.8% | 37.7% | 9.6% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 16.8% |
| IpsosSep 4 to Sep 8, 2026 · 1,006 asked · ±3.8 | all respondents | 36% | 21% | 4% | n/p | n/p | 5% | 30% |
| Liaison StrategiesSep 4 to Sep 5, 2026 · 1,000 asked · ±3.1 | decided and leaning voters | 50% | 39% | 10% | n/p | n/p | 2% | 16% |

“n/p” means the firm did not publish that figure.

04 / Before you draw conclusions

## How to read these polls.

### Margin of error

These polls asked between 510 and 3,100 people. Each one states a margin of error or a figure like it, from ±2 to ±4.3 points, 19 times out of 20. A lead smaller than the margin can be no lead at all.

### Who paid

- Mainstreet Research: Mainstreet Research, which says it commissioned the poll itself
- Scope Research: Not stated in the release
- Forum Research: Not stated in the release
- Liaison Strategies: Not stated in the release
- Nanos Research: CP24 and CTV News Toronto
- Canada Pulse Insights: CityNews
- Ipsos: The Toronto Star

### How people were reached

- Mainstreet Research: Automated phone calls (interactive voice response) to landlines and cell phones
- Scope Research: Online poll, with people invited by text message
- Forum Research: Automated phone calls (interactive voice response), 78% to cell phones and 22% to landlines; Automated phone calls (interactive voice response), 79% to cell phones and 21% to landlines
- Liaison Strategies: Automated phone calls (interactive voice recording) to landlines and cell phones reached by random digit dialling
- Nanos Research: Online and by telephone
- Canada Pulse Insights: Not stated in the CityNews report
- Ipsos: Online survey of the Ipsos panel

### What the shares are a share of

- Mainstreet Research: decided and leaning voters
- Scope Research: all respondents
- Forum Research: decided and leaning voters; decided voters
- Liaison Strategies: decided and leaning voters
- Nanos Research: decided voters
- Canada Pulse Insights: decided voters
- Ipsos: all respondents

This page lists every poll we could find in published form with interviews since September 1, 2026, as of October 10, 2026. If we have missed one, [tell us](https://voche.me/on/toronto-2026/report).

05 / Questions

## Questions about these polls.

<details>

<summary>Who is leading the polls for mayor in Toronto?</summary>



Olivia Chow has 47.2% and Brad Bradford has 44.3% of decided and leaning voters in the most recent poll, by Mainstreet Research, with interviews Oct 6 to Oct 7, 2026.

</details>

<details>

<summary>How many polls of the Toronto mayor race are on this page?</summary>



13 polls by 7 firms (Mainstreet Research, Scope Research, Forum Research, Liaison Strategies, Nanos Research, Canada Pulse Insights and Ipsos), with interviews from September 4, 2026 to October 7, 2026. The page starts at September 1, 2026, and each poll links to its source.

</details>

<details>

<summary>When is the election in Toronto?</summary>



Election day is October 26, 2026. Polls are opinion surveys, and the count on election day decides the result.

</details>

<details>

<summary>Does voche.me run its own polls?</summary>



voche.me commissions no polls. Every figure on this page is copied from the polling firm's published report, and voche.me adds no adjustment or projection of its own.

</details>

## Sitemap

See the full [sitemap](/on/toronto-2026/sitemap.md) for all pages.
